Exhaust
The Exhaust system carries exhaust gases away from the engine. In the typical passenger vehicle they are expelled from the rear of the vehicle, down low behind the bumper. On trucks, they are sometimes spit out of the side of the rear of the vehicle, behind the back wheels but in front of the bumper. In the US, this is typically to the right, which is away from the center of the road. Some vehicles also bring their exhaust pipes together up above the bumper, for example the Porsche Boxster. Semi-tractors (large trucks) often have exhaust pipes which run straight up the back of the cab, so that the fumes do not linger - they have high displacement, and thus expel more exhaust than other vehicles.
Turbocharged vehicles have another element to the exhaust system, the turbocharger. Turbochargers use exhaust gas pressure to compress the intake charge, which increases pressure, effectively increasing compression, but only at higher RPMs. This translates into increased volumetric efficiency without costing you power at low RPMs as belt- or chain-driven superchargers often will.
In two-stroke vehicles, the exhaust is a critical part of the fuel intake system. Resonations caused by the combustion cycle propagate down a narrowing tube, which causes a partial vacuum that serves to draw the intake charge into the cylinder. This is known as exhaust scavenging.
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